Finding the North Star
Here’s a tip that you can even use on land. The North Star (Polaris), located at the end of the Little Dipper constellation, always points north. To locate Polaris, use the Big Dipper. The two outermost stars of the Big Dipper forms a line that points to Polaris.
1970s GPS
Global Positioning System (GPS) is the fastest and most accurate form of navigation currently available, allowing seamen to pinpoint their position and the location of other vessels, and track the speed or direction of movement of other ships.
1930s Radar
This technology relies on radio waves to detect ships and aircraft, and allows ships to navigate even when visibility is poor. Early versions were much less accurate than the high-tech models available today.
18th Century Chronometer
The marine chronometer is a very precise, accurate timepiece that can be used to determine longitude based on the position of the stars in the sky, which can vary according to the time of day and the season.
17th Century Sextant
A tool that allows the user to measure the angle of a star from the horizon. The sextant is easy to use in theory, but takes some skill and practice to use properly. A small error could result in a ship being dangerously off course.
Port and Starboard
Port and starboard refer to the left and right side of the ship respectively. Back in the day, cargo was loaded from the left (or ‘port’ side) when in port, and the steering rudder was fixed to the right (or ‘starboard’ side, which literally means the side which the ship was steered).
| WMO Sea State Code | Wave Height | Characteristics |
|---|---|---|
| 0 | 0 metres (0 ft) | Calm (glassy) |
| 1 | 0 to 0.1 metres (0.00 to 0.33 ft) | Calm (rippled) |
| 2 | 0.1 to 0.5 metres (3.9 in to 1 ft 7.7 in) | Smooth (wavelets) |
| 3 | 0.5 to 1.25 metres (1 ft 8 in to 4 ft 1 in) | Slight |
| 4 | 1.25 to 2.5 metres (4 ft 1 in to 8 ft 2 in) | Moderate |
| 5 | 2.5 to 4 metres (8 ft 2 in to 13 ft 1 in) | Rough |
| 6 | 4 to 6 metres (13 to 20 ft) | Very rough |
| 7 | 6 to 9 metres (20 to 30 ft) | High |
| 8 | 9 to 14 metres (30 to 46 ft) | Very high |
| 9 | Over 14 metres (46 ft) | Phenomenal |
